Thursday, 11 April 2013

Sir Robert Edwards

Many apologies that I haven’t posted in a while, I’ve been revising very hard for my AS modules in which start in nearly a month!
I was very saddened to hear about the death of Sir Robert Edwards who was one of the two pioneers of test tube babies. He was involved with such a great advancement in science and he helped the lives of so many people.

Sir Robert Edwards along with Dr Patrick Steptoe had been trying to find a solution for infertile women since 1966 and the breakthrough came on July 25, 1978 when Louise Brown was born. She was the first ever successful test tube baby. Lesley Brown (Louise’s mother) was successful because although Edwards and Steptoe were able to fertilise the eggs of many women outside the body, the problem came once the egg was implanted back into the uterus and Louise was the first embryo to survive more than a couple of weeks.

 Lesley brown had a blocked fallopian tube, which meant it wasn’t possible for the sperm to reach the egg to result in fertilisation. A laparoscope (long, thin, self-lit probe) was used to extract an egg from the ovaries, and then Edwards used the sperm to fertilise the egg outside the body. The fertilised egg was then placed in a solution which helped the egg develop. For the women before Lesley they implanted the egg back into the uterus once 64 cells had developed which is 4/5 days however with Lesley the eggs were implanted back into the uterus after 2 and a half days. The uterus Is the monitored closely to ensure the egg embeds itself in the uterus wall and develops in the way it should to create no problems with the pregnancy through ultrasound and amniocentesis.

The advanced method now includes physical and laboratory examinations that include a test for the sperm count of the male partner and a pelvic examination, cervical culturing, and staining of cervical secretions for the presence of Chlamydia for the female partner.  Once these tests are completed, fertility drugs are administered to the woman to stimulate her ovarian follicles to produce as many healthy eggs as possible. This is necessary because a single fertilized egg or pre-embryo has only a small chance of survival. Eggs are retrieved 27 to 36 hours by a specific stimulation technique and  as many eggs as possible are obtained per single retrieval attempt.  The harvested eggs are inseminated by a sample of semen that contains sperm of good quality

There are many ethical debates about in-vitro fertilisation, the main issue being whether doctors have the right to interfere with nature and whether artificial fertilisation will be bad for the embryo. If the embryo was not normal due to natural causes, would they be able to blame the doctors or would they have to accept nature? When does life begin? If human life begins at conception, are doctors killing potential humans when they discard fertilized eggs? (Doctors may remove several eggs from the woman and may discard some that have been fertilized.)

However despite these ethnical issues, in-vitro fertilisation has provided children for millions of people who are infertile, and Sir Robert Edwards was one of the main scientist in this advancement.

 References:
http://history1900s.about.com/od/medicaladvancesissues/a/testtubebaby.htm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-22091873
http://pedsinreview.aappublications.org/content/20/8/e28.full

1 comment:

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